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33 changes: 20 additions & 13 deletions src/UserGuide/Master/Table/AI-capability/AINode_Upgrade_apache.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ State Flow Explanation:

**Viewing Example:**
```SQL
IoTDB> SHOW MODELS
IoTDB> show models
+---------------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+
| ModelId| ModelType| Category| State|
+---------------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+
Expand All @@ -432,30 +432,37 @@ IoTDB> SHOW MODELS
| custom| | user_defined| active|
| timer_xl| timer| builtin| activating|
| sundial| sundial| builtin| active|
| sundialx_1| sundial| fine_tuned| active|
| sundialx_4| sundial| fine_tuned| training|
| sundialx_5| sundial| fine_tuned| failed|
| chronos2| t5| builtin| inactive|
| moirai2| moirai| builtin| inactive|
| toto| toto| builtin| inactive|
+---------------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+
```

**Built-in Traditional Time Series Models:**

| Model Name | Core Concept | Applicable Scenarios | Key Features |
|-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **ARIMA** (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) | Combines AR, differencing (I), and MA for stationary or differenced series | Univariate forecasting (stock prices, sales, economics) | 1. For linear trends with weak seasonality2. Requires (p,d,q) tuning3. Sensitive to missing values |
| **Holt-Winters** (Triple Exponential Smoothing) | Exponential smoothing with level, trend, and seasonal components | Data with clear trend & seasonality (monthly sales, power demand) | 1. Handles additive/multiplicative seasonality2. Weights recent data higher3. Simple implementation |
| **Exponential Smoothing** | Weighted average of history with exponentially decaying weights | Trending but non-seasonal data (short-term demand) | 1. Few parameters, simple computation2. Suitable for stable/slow-changing series3. Extensible to double/triple smoothing |
| **Naive Forecaster** | Uses last observation as next prediction (simplest baseline) | Benchmarking or data with no clear pattern | 1. No training needed2. Sensitive to sudden changes3. Seasonal variant uses prior season value |
| **STL Forecaster** | Decomposes series into trend, seasonal, residual; forecasts components | Complex seasonality/trends (climate, traffic) | 1. Handles non-fixed seasonality2. Robust to outliers3. Components can use other models |
| **Gaussian HMM** | Hidden states generate observations; each state follows Gaussian distribution | State sequence prediction/classification (speech, finance) | 1. Models temporal state transitions2. Observations independent per state3. Requires state count |
| **GMM HMM** | Extends Gaussian HMM; each state uses Gaussian Mixture Model | Multi-modal observation scenarios (motion recognition, biosignals) | 1. More flexible than single Gaussian2. Higher complexity3. Requires GMM component count |
| **STRAY** (Search for Outliers using Random Projection and Adaptive Thresholding) | Uses SVD to detect anomalies in high-dimensional time series | High-dimensional anomaly detection (sensor networks, IT monitoring) | 1. No distribution assumption2. Handles high dimensions3. Sensitive to global anomalies |
| **ARIMA** (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) | Combines AR, differencing (I), and MA for stationary or differenced series | Univariate forecasting (stock prices, sales, economics) | 1. For linear trends with weak seasonality<br>2. Requires (p,d,q) tuning<br>3. Sensitive to missing values |
| **Holt-Winters** (Triple Exponential Smoothing) | Exponential smoothing with level, trend, and seasonal components | Data with clear trend & seasonality (monthly sales, power demand) | 1. Handles additive/multiplicative seasonality<br>2. Weights recent data higher<br>3. Simple implementation |
| **Exponential Smoothing** | Weighted average of history with exponentially decaying weights | Trending but non-seasonal data (short-term demand) | 1. Few parameters, simple computation<br>2. Suitable for stable/slow-changing series<br>3. Extensible to double/triple smoothing |
| **Naive Forecaster** | Uses last observation as next prediction (simplest baseline) | Benchmarking or data with no clear pattern | 1. No training needed<br>2. Sensitive to sudden changes<br>3.&nbsp;Seasonal variant uses prior season value |
| **STL Forecaster** | Decomposes series into trend, seasonal, residual; forecasts components | Complex seasonality/trends (climate, traffic) | 1. Handles non-fixed seasonality<br>2. Robust to outliers<br>3. Components can use other models |
| **Gaussian HMM** | Hidden states generate observations; each state follows Gaussian distribution | State sequence prediction/classification (speech, finance) | 1. Models temporal state transitions<br>2. Observations independent per state<br>3. Requires state count |
| **GMM HMM** | Extends Gaussian HMM; each state uses Gaussian Mixture Model | Multi-modal observation scenarios (motion recognition, biosignals) | 1. More flexible than single Gaussian<br>2. Higher complexity<br>3. Requires GMM component count |
| **STRAY** (Search for Outliers using Random Projection and Adaptive Thresholding) | Uses SVD to detect anomalies in high-dimensional time series | High-dimensional anomaly detection (sensor networks, IT monitoring) | 1. No distribution assumption<br>2. Handles high dimensions<br>3. Sensitive to global anomalies |

**Built-in Time Series Large Models:**

| Model Name | Core Concept | Applicable Scenarios | Key Features |
|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Timer-XL** | Long-context time series large model pretrained on massive industrial data | Complex industrial forecasting requiring ultra-long history (energy, aerospace, transport) | 1. Supports input of tens of thousands of time points2. Covers non-stationary, multivariate, and covariate scenarios3. Pretrained on trillion-scale high-quality industrial IoT data |
| **Timer-Sundial** | Generative foundation model with "Transformer + TimeFlow" architecture | Zero-shot forecasting requiring uncertainty quantification (finance, supply chain, renewable energy) | 1. Strong zero-shot generalization; supports point & probabilistic forecasting2. Flexible analysis of any prediction distribution statistic3. Innovative flow-matching architecture for efficient non-deterministic sample generation |
| **Chronos-2** | Universal time series foundation model based on discrete tokenization | Rapid zero-shot univariate forecasting; scenarios enhanced by covariates (promotions, weather) | 1. Powerful zero-shot probabilistic forecasting2. Unified multi-variable & covariate modeling (strict input requirements):&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Future covariate names ⊆ historical covariate names&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Each historical covariate length = target length&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Each future covariate length = prediction length3. Efficient encoder-only structure balancing performance and speed |
| **Timer-XL** | Long-context time series large model pretrained on massive industrial data | Complex industrial forecasting requiring ultra-long history (energy, aerospace, transport) | 1. Supports input of tens of thousands of time points<br>2. Covers non-stationary, multivariate, and covariate scenarios<br>3. Pretrained on trillion-scale high-quality industrial IoT data |
| **Timer-Sundial** | Generative foundation model with "Transformer + TimeFlow" architecture | Zero-shot forecasting requiring uncertainty quantification (finance, supply chain, renewable energy) | 1. Strong zero-shot generalization; supports point & probabilistic forecasting<br>2. Flexible analysis of any prediction distribution statistic<br>3. Innovative flow-matching architecture for efficient non-deterministic sample generation |
| **Chronos-2** | Universal time series foundation model based on discrete tokenization | Rapid zero-shot univariate forecasting; scenarios enhanced by covariates (promotions, weather) | 1. Powerful zero-shot probabilistic forecasting<br>2. Unified multi-variable & covariate modeling (strict input requirements):<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;a. Future covariate names ⊆ historical covariate names<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;b. Each historical covariate length = target length<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;c. Each future covariate length = prediction length<br>3. Efficient encoder-only structure balancing performance and speed |
| **Moirai 2.0** | Lightweight decoder-only Patch Transformer with a single patch size, multi-token prediction, and multi-quantile outputs | Zero-shot univariate forecasting where model size and inference efficiency are important, such as industrial monitoring, energy load, and equipment metrics | 1. Approximately 11.4M parameters<br>2. Predicts multiple patches per decoding step to reduce autoregressive overhead for long horizons<br>3. Outputs nine quantiles (0.1–0.9) and uses the p50 median as the point forecast<br>4. Uses instance normalization to mitigate distribution shift across series<br>5. Does not support multivariate targets or covariates |
| **Toto 2.0** | Decoder-only Patch Transformer alternating causal temporal attention and variable attention to jointly model temporal and variable dimensions | Zero-shot multivariate forecasting for observability metrics, including joint forecasting of CPU, memory, and network traffic | 1. Supports univariate and multivariate target forecasting<br>2. Outputs fixed quantiles from 0.1 to 0.9 and uses the p50 median as the point forecast<br>3. Supports cached block decoding for efficient scaling to longer forecast horizons<br>4. Covariates are not currently supported |

### 4.4 Deleting Models

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -656,4 +663,4 @@ To add a new built-in custom model to AINode (using Chronos2 as example):
```

* **Complete Example**
Reference implementation: https://github.com/apache/iotdb/pull/16903
Reference implementation: https://github.com/apache/iotdb/pull/16903
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