Refine remembered method calls and property fetches when their receiver is narrowed

[phpstan-bot]

Summary

After a control-flow narrowing recorded a type for a method call or property
fetch (for example, $x->getValue() narrowed to int|string after an
if ($x->getValue() === null) { return; }), a later instanceof check that
made the receiver ($x) more specific did not update that remembered type.
The call/fetch kept its stale, broader type instead of combining it with the
type derived from the now-narrower receiver.

This meant e.g. assertType('string', $x->getValue()) inside
if ($x instanceof StringValue) reported int|string even though
StringValue::getValue() covariantly returns string.

Changes

• src/Analyser/MutatingScope.php
  • New private refreshDependentCallsAndFetches(array $narrowedExprStrings):
    scans the remembered expression types for MethodCall,
    NullsafeMethodCall, PropertyFetch and NullsafePropertyFetch whose
    immediate receiver (->var) was just narrowed, re-derives their type from
    the current (narrower) receiver via the expression handlers, and intersects
    it with the remembered type. Both PHPDoc and native expression types are
    refreshed.
  • New private resolveExprHandlerType() helper that resolves an expression's
    type through the ExprHandler registry, bypassing the memoized entry.
  • filterBySpecifiedTypes() now calls the refresh with the set of expressions
    that were narrowed by the condition.
• tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-10050.php — regression test with both a
  method-call case (covariant getValue() override across interfaces) and a
  property-fetch case (A|B receiver narrowed to A).

Root cause

Remembered (control-flow narrowed) types for calls/fetches are stored against
the receiver type that was current at the time of narrowing. When the receiver
is later narrowed further, the remembered type is not a subtype of the newly
derivable type, and nothing recombined the two. The reported issue was one
instance (method calls); the same pattern affects property fetches, so both are
handled by keying the refresh on receiver narrowing.

Doing this by receiver narrowing — rather than by unconditionally recomputing
call/fetch types on every read — is important: property fetches can also be
memoized by direct assignment ($this->foo = new Fooo()), where the stored
type may be a covariant subtype that is intentionally not compatible with the
declared property type. Those are not driven by receiver narrowing, so they are
left untouched (verified by tests/PHPStan/Rules/Properties/data/bug-3777.php).

Test

• tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-10050.php:
  • testMethod() reproduces the reported bug: $v->get() is string inside
    if ($v instanceof StringValue) after null was removed earlier.
  • testProperty() covers the analogous property-fetch case: $x->p is int
    inside if ($x instanceof A) for an A|B receiver.
  • Both assertions fail before the fix (int|string) and pass after.
• Full test suite (make tests) and self-analysis (make phpstan) pass.

Fixes phpstan/phpstan#10050